Biography X Wolf

Christian Wolf Wolf, Wolf, Christians - a German philosopher, popularizer and systematizer of the idealistic philosophy of G. Podopigor, A. Wolf Christian - a German philosopher, a representative of rationalism, a popularizer and a systematizer of the ideas of Leibnitsa, whose philosophy dominated the then German universities, teacher M. Orlov A. Historical Dictionary. Wolf of Christians--German philosopher-idealist, enlightener, systematizer and popularizer of philosophy of Leibniz, professor at the University in Galla.

Ignoring the dialectical elements of the Leibnisian teaching, Wolf developed metaphysical teleologism, according to which the universal connection, the harmony of being is explained by the goals established by God. Wolf was also a kind of adherent of scholasticism. He based on the construction of his system, he laid the method of rationalistic deduction, with the help of which he tried to derive all the truths of philosophy from the formal logical law of contradiction.

In his views on society, he defended the point of view of enlightened absolutism. The main composition is “logic, or reasonable thoughts about the forces of human reason” the philosophical dictionary. Ed. Wolf Wolfe Christians - - a German philosopher, popularizer and systematizer of philosophy of the city of philosophy in Gaul - GG. Among his listeners was M.

The goal of his philosophy set the achievement of the universal bliss of people, for which he considered it necessary to clarify the first basis of the existence of all creations by psychology into empirical and rational. The first of them should consider the connection of the soul with the body Psychologia Empirica. He considered the union of the soul with the body an inexplicable miracle, and reduced all mental phenomena to the special abilities of the soul.

He gave a definition of personality as the ability to maintain memories of himself and perceive himself as the same for a long time, Comrade James in his interpretation of personality. Kondakov I. Illustrated Dictionary. And outfit. Works: Eigene Lebensbeschrebung. From the German original in Latin, reduced, from which the quail Mikhailo Lomonosov in Russian.

Wolf Wolff Christians as an ideologist of early education. A professor at the universities of Galle and Marburg where Lomonosov was among his students. He was formed under the influence of the ideas of Descartes, E. Weigel, E. Chirnhaus and especially Leibniz, from which he inherited the interest in building the comprehensive system of philosophical knowledge of WeltWeishcit, commitment to rationalistic and a priororistic methodology, as well as a number of basic ideas of metaphysics, logic, theory of cognition and psychology.

For the first time he gave a clear distinction between theoretical and empirical, pure and applied knowledge; Theoretical philosophy, according to Wolf, is “the science of all possible objects, as far as they are possible”, because according to the classification of Wolf, all philosophical knowledge is divided into “rational theoretical” ontology, cosmology, rational psychology, natural theology, “science of rational practical” ethics, politics, economics, “science of empirical theoretical” empirical psychology, “science.

Teleology, dogmatic physics and “empirical practical science” technology and experimental physics. Of the individual parts of the Wolf philosophical system, ontology is most developed. In the interpretation of the “form” Wolf follows Aristotle and Leibniz, considering it a decisive active beginning, in the interpretation of “matter” - to Descartes, identifying it with bodily length.

In cosmology, Wolf, following the Leibnician, considers the actual world to be contingent one of the possible, but rejects the monadology of Leibniz and makes significant amendments to his theory of pre -installed harmony, leaning towards Cartesian psychophysical dualism and more consistent mechanism. The most original Wolf in ethics: he considers the principles of natural morality objective norms arising from the very structure of being and independent of the will of God.

In political teaching, Wolf is a supporter of the theory of natural law and an expression of ideas of enlightened absolutism. In the 18th century, Wolf’s influence in Germany was very significant; His educational guidelines in philosophical disciplines, replacing the obsolete scholastic compensation, served as the basis of university education until Kant's “critical philosophy”.

Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. Ilyichev, P. Fedoseev, S. Kovalev, V. Works: Briefwechsel Zwischen Leibniz und C. Wolff, Hrsg. Gerhardt, Halle,; Neue ausg. Literature: KOHLMEYER E. Wolff, Gott. Wolff, Halle,; With a m-PO M. Wolff E il Razionalismo Precritico, v. Wolf Wolff Christians is a German thinker, philosopher and mathematician, with the name of which the beginning of education in German philosophy, the founder of the first philosophical school in Germany, the popularizer of the ideas of Leibniz, the ascetic of broad knowledge to the people.

Wolf began creative activity with theology, then moved to philosophy and mathematics. C becomes a professor in the cityHalle, where he lectured in all sections of philosophy and exclusively in German, which in those days was very rare, it is no coincidence that it was Wolf who laid the foundation for the German -speaking system of philosophical concepts. In Khalla V., in comparison with the Protestant theologians of Germany, Wolf was a free -thinking thinker and champion of the ideas of rationalism, which entailed the anger of the Prussian king Frederick Wilhelm, who sent V.

Lomonosov, elected by a member of the academies of London, Paris, Stockholm, invited by vice president to the Russian Academy of Sciences. The main work of Wolf is “logic, or reasonable thoughts about the forces of human reason”, in the form of the presentation of his Wolf system, followed the “ethics” of Spinoza, setting out his deduction in strictly geometric form: one after another there are axioms, theorems, scholpes, queeners, etc.

The philosophical system developed by Wolf was the first in Germany. It covered, in fact, all branches of knowledge of that time of both theoretical and practical. All the components of the Wolf’s theoretical system tried to rationally substantiate, classify, define and deduction, thereby earned the authority of the founder of the “spirit of scientific thoroughness in the German philosophy” Kant, but this thoroughness was given at the cost of the most unbearable pedantry.

The systematization of the ideas of Leibniz turned into a “flat theologism”, as a result of which many interesting ideas of the latter were replaced by simplified metaphysical schemes that vulgarized the Libnian statement of issues. As a result, the philosophy of Leibniz in the interpretations of V. In particular, the Leibniz tried to combine his teleology with the idea of ​​mechanical causality, which was deeply immanent; In the Wolf version, teleology appeared as a search for external goals, the main and last among which was proclaimed the usefulness of all things to a person, who, in turn, was thought of Wolf as a god in order to read him as a creator of all things.

Wolf divided all his philosophy into the theoretical and practical parts, thereby giving the first time a clear difference between theoretical and empirical knowledge. In turn, his theoretical philosophy, being a science of all possible subjects, as far as they are “possible”, and exploring their relationship, causes and foundations, disintegrates into logic and metaphysics.

Being a rational theoretical science, metaphysics, by wolf, consists of ontology, cosmology, psychology and natural theology. The composition of the most developed in his system was ontology, in which the influence of Leibniz, as well as Descartes, was most developed in his system. Following, in general, the main ideas of his German predecessor in the field of cosmology, Wolf, nevertheless, abandoned his monadology and made some changes to his doctrine of “pre -installed harmony”, giving preference to the decarctional psychophysical dualism and mechanism.

In the field of ethics and politics V., the central place in the entire Wolf system was occupied by its natural theology or the doctrine of God. For only God is an independent and necessary creature, all the others, according to Wolf, are only His creations that do not have such independence. The ultimate goal of philosophy is the clarification of this primary foundation of all things.

Despite a number of inherent methodological shortcomings, Wolf’s philosophy had a significant impact on the development of theoretical thought in Germany, becoming almost the only guide to study university philosophical courses up to the emergence of the philosophical teaching of Kant, which called his predecessor "the greatest of all dogmatic philosophers." Rumyantseva The latest philosophical dictionary.

Gritsanov A. Minsk, he himself opposed the definition of his metaphysics as “Leibniz-Wolfovskaya”. In numerous works published in German and Latin, Wolf tried to create a systematic compensation of philosophical and scientific knowledge, or “reasonable thoughts about God, the world, the human soul and all things in general”, that is, to build a complete metaphysics system based on clear concepts and strict rules of logically evidence -based thinking.

Considering the highest task of philosophy, the achievement of the benefits and benefits of people, their mental and moral perfection, he led an active scientific and pedagogical activity, making a noticeable contribution to the dissemination of educational ideas, natural scientific and philosophical knowledge in Germany, to the development of a secular national education system, German philosophical terminology, etc.

He was widely popular in Europe, was a member of the five largest academies, and in T. Lomonosov, F. Prokopovich and other Wolf students played an important role in the development of Russian culture, the formation of academic science and university education. Philosophy, or metaphysics, is defined by a wolf as a rational science of the possible, that is, about everything that is conceived according to the logical law of contradiction.Therefore, as propaedeutics, logic should be preceded by the science of the forms and laws of proper thinking.

The composition of metaphysics includes four sciences: the first is philosophy, or ontology, the science of the first reasons for being in general and human knowledge; Psychology, or pneumatology empirical and rational science of the soul; rational cosmology The doctrine of the world as a whole; Natural Theology is a rational doctrine of God, its being, entity, etc.

The theoretical sciences of the common properties and laws of the spatio-temporal world, the connections and movement of its bodies, their acting and targeted reasons for physics, mechanics, teleology and empirical sciences about their more specific properties, forms of movement, etc., follow as its applied parts. Wolf metaphysics also refers to practical philosophy, where the ability of desire, the problem of free will, the general foundations of morality and law, the principles and laws of the social and civilian life of people are considered.

The pure part of practical philosophy is formed by ethics, politics and economics, which are united by the concept of natural law, and its empirical or experimental, part includes private sciences about specific forms and methods of economic and labor, civil and political activity, etc. The presentation of the latter in the form of systematic “reasonable thoughts” often had the character of boring and pedantic crossing of flat truths, the banal rules of everyday life and common sense, instructive examples and teachings, etc.

The state-legal and political views of Wolf were cautious and moderately conservative: he acted as a supporter of natural law and an enlightened monarchy, the goal of which should be order, calmness in the state, the well-being and happiness of all citizens, etc. In ontology, the initial and most important part of the system Metaphysics - the first grounds for being and knowledge are considered, which are the laws of contradiction and sufficient reason.

The first is not only the logical law of thinking, but is endowed with the ontological status of the founding of everything, or “something in general”, which exists regardless of whether it is valid or only possible. The second law is designed to serve the knowledge of the grounds and reasons for the actual existence of things and the conditions of transition from a possible to the real world, but in fact it acts as a way of meaningful concretization of abstract definitions of existing or means of giving “reasonable thoughts” of the appearance of empirically significant provisions.

And although Wolf is trying to reduce the latter to the form of the necessary truths, supposedly analytically arising from the first reasons for being and knowledge, nevertheless the correspondence of the “truths of the mind” and “truths of fact” is achieved by him through unlawful appeal to specific examples or concepts of everyday and scientific experience that remain only empirical illustration for “reasonable thoughts”.

Accordingly, the unity between the law of contradiction and a sufficient basis, as well as the connection of the possible and real worlds, is carried out by it purely external artificial, mechanical and eclectic way, essentially maintaining a dualistic opposite between them.