E Bernstein biography

Passing in his first book in the middle of the xg. Podoprigora, A. Bernstein Edward - - German socialist and political philosopher, member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. The main work: “Evolutionary Socialism” The leading theorist of revisionism, advocated the revision and renewal of orthodox Marxism. He stood on the absence of a “war of classes” and postulated the possibility of a peaceful transition to socialism.

One of the founders of modern social democracy. The well -known slogan formulated: "Movement is everything, the ultimate goal is nothing." Materials of Prince. Mikhailova E. In his articles under the general heading “Problems of Socialism” –98, he revised the main provisions of Marxism in the field of philosophy, political economy, and theory of scientific socialism. Having proclaimed the slogan “Back to Kant”, Bernstein abandoned the consistently materialistic solution to the main issue of philosophy; He identified Marxist dialectics with Hegel.

Bernstein denied the very possibility of scientific socialism. Socialism, according to Bernstein, is only a moral and ethical ideal. Rejecting the idea of ​​the dictatorship of the proletariat, he preached the theory of attenuation of the class struggle and recognized the struggle for small reforms within the framework of capitalism the only task of the working class.

Hence his well -known phrase: “The ultimate goal is nothing, the movement is all! A comprehensive critical analysis of the views of the Russian followers of Bernstein - “economists” and the Mensheviks was carried out by Lenin. Philosophical Dictionary. Ed. Bernstein Bernstein Eduard on January 16, Berlin - December 8, Berlin is a prominent figure in the German social democracy, the ideologist of the revision of Marxism, the theoretician of reformism.

He graduated from a commercial school in Berlin, worked as a bank employee. He joined the SDPG, emigrated to Switzerland, where he collaborated with Die Zukunft, in became the editor of SozialDemokrat, and was forced to move with the editorial office to England. He returned to Germany, where he lived until the end of his life. He outlined his views on the surge of Marxism in a series of articles “Problems of Socialism” –98, and then in the work of “Prerequisites of Co-Cocalism and Tasks of Social Democracy” Die Voraussetzungen des Sofgabe Der SozialDemokratie.

Bernstein did not adopt the October Revolution, during the German Revolution he was Deputy Minister of Finance, did not recognize the expropriation of private property, later advocated the Weimar Republic, compiled a new SDPG program in which he set out the essence of “evolutionary socialism”. Bernstein did not consider Marx as a philosopher as himself, and he evaluated Hegelian dialectics as "lifeless speculation." Marx materialism, in his opinion, leads to fatalism, neglect of spiritual processes, while social liberation is due to the improvement of moral and legal norms.

In the work “Is Scientific Socialism Possible” Wie Ist Der Wissenschaftliche Sozialismus Moglich. Odessa, he talked about the impossibility of substantiating scientific socialism, which should not be interpreted as a historical pattern, because it is a desire of people for the ideal. Since the purpose of the movement is the ideal, insofar as it is unattainable. This thesis is a substantiation of Bernstein’s slogan: “The goal is nothing, movement is everything.” Heveshi is a new philosophical encyclopedia.

In four volumes. Stepin, A. Huseynov, G. Bernstein Eduard Bernstein is one of the leaders of the opportunistic wing of German social democracy and the II International, an ideologist of revisionism.

In gg. In the end, he made the book “Prerequisites of Socialism”, in which Marx's theoretical revision subjected to theoretical revision. From the point of view of Bernstein, the teachings of Marx in a number of points turned out to be scientifically insolvent. Bernstein considers such points Marx's teachings about the progressive impoverishment of the proletariat with the development of capitalism, about the concentration of capital in general and, especially in agriculture, about the revolutionary uprising of the masses and the dictatorship of the proletariat.

The positive part of the Bernstein’s book boils down to the assertion that the class contradictions do not exacerbate with the further development of capitalism, but are softened, the position of the working class through state reforms is increasingly improving, and a peaceful growing into socialism, and the Burnstein bourgeois society, declares parliament in which the proletariat should try to achieve the majority.

Bernstein’s book, which appeared in the era of the peaceful development of capitalism, has become a starting point of the whole course in the international social democracy, known as “revisionism” or “Bernsteanianism”. The then leaders of orthodox Marxism - Kautsky, Plekhanov, Bebel, R. Luxembourg and others opposed the audit of revisionism. The evolution of Bernstein for three decades since the appearance of his first revisionist book has been committed steadily to the right.

In his new books, he proves that the working class has common interests with the bourgeoisie in matters of customs and colonial policy, land and sea weapons. Long before the imperialist war, he "substantiated" the significance of the idea of ​​the Fatherland for the working class.From G. During the First World War - a centrist. In the city of the October Revolution, he was negative.

Bernstein Bernstein Eduard 6. In the X years, Bernstein held the positions of petty-bourgeois democracy, was a supporter of E. Dühring, collaborated in the law enforcement journal: “Zukunft”, in which the reformist and philosophical and idealistic views were subjected to K. Marx and F. Engels of merciless criticism, see Bebel, V. Liebknecht, V. Brak, and others.

Under the influence of this criticism, Bernstein temporarily moved away from reformism, was the editor of the Social-Democratic Party “Der SozialDemokrat”-after the death of Engels Bernstein under the influence G. Folmar completely broke the bourgeois economic literature and reformist views with Marxism. In the 2nd half of the X, he criticized the entire system of Marxism as an allegedly outdated article under the general name “Problems of Socialism”, published in the years in the journal Neue Zeit and in the year in the book “Problems of Socialism and the Tasks of Social Democracy”, Rus.

In philosophy, he abandoned materialism, proclaiming the need to return to Kant's philosophy, opposed the materialistic dialectic, which he identified with the idealistic dialectic of Hegel. The latter seemed to bring the idea of ​​violence and catastrophism into Marxism. In the field of socio-political sciences, Bernstein has revised the main provisions of “capital”-the theory of value, the doctrine of crises, the impoverishment of the masses, rejected the socio-economic foundations of the revolution.

This led Burnstein to the denial of the very possibility of scientific socialism, to the assertion that socialism is only an ethical ideal. Based on the statement that the proletariat is allegedly not able to organize production and the proletarian revolution can only lead to chaos and destruction of productive forces, Bernstein rejected the Marxovo doctrine of the revolution, class struggle and dictatorship of the proletariat, contrasting it with the program of reform and compromises with the bourgeoisie: “The ultimate goal is nothing, the movement is everything”.

In his comments on the correspondence of K. Marx and F. Engels published by him in the year, in the works of the History of the Workers' Movement in Berlin, Bernstein took a centrist position with K. Kautsky, later again retreated to the right wing of the German Social Democracy; He was an opponent of the October Revolution of the Year in Russia. Bernstein’s audionism was sharply criticized by V.

Lenin, P. Lafarg, G. Plekhanov, F. Miring, R. Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. Ilyichev, P. Fedoseev, S. Kovalev, V. Bernstein Bernstein, Edward 6. Being a banking employee, Bernstein joined the Social Democracy in the year. He experienced the influence of the vulgar materialist K. in the year after the adoption of the exclusive law against the socialists Bernstein, along with K.

Hyokhberg and K. Schramm, was calling for the rejection of the revolutionary struggle and demanded adaptation to the Bismaric regime. Under the influence of the acute criticism of K. Engels Bernstein, he temporarily abandoned the opportunistic views, making the roll to the left. In the year, he was appointed editor of the SOZIALDEMOKRAT Party COO first in Zurich, later in London.

In this post, Bernstein repeatedly allowed opportunistic breakdowns: for example, in the year he justified the vote of the Social-Democratic faction for the provision of subsidies by shipping companies, which the government demanded from the Reichstag to pursue an active colonial policy. After the death of Engels, who constantly criticized him for mistakes, Bernstein completely broke with revolutionary Marxism.

In the years in the articles of “Problems of Socialism” “Probleme des sogalismus”, published in the journal Neue Zeit and in the year in the book “Prerequisites of Socialism and the tasks of Social Democracy” “Die Voraussetzungen des Socialismus und Die aufgaban der Sozialdemokratie ", the Russian translation by Bernstein openly made the revision of all the main provisions of Marx.

Replacing the revolutionary Marxism reformism, putting forward the slogan “Movement - All, the ultimate goal - nothing”, Bernstein in his book tried to substantiate his revisionist views, the spread of which contributed to the rebirth of the 2nd International parties from the parties of the social revolution in the party of social reforms. Bernstein’s performance was one of the attempts to subjugate the working movement of bourgeois ideology, corrupt the consciousness of the working class, divert the proletariat from the revolutionary struggle with the spread of false ideas in its midst, borrowed by Bernstein from bourgeois idealists and vulgar economists - apologists of capitalism.

Bernstein wrote that the main law of social development was seemingly “peaceful evolution”, he argued that there is a harmony of class interests in the bourgeois society and that under capitalism it is possible to eliminate crises and a radical improvement in the position of workers. Bernstein stated that bourgeois democracy seemed to ensure the softening of class contradictions and the conduct of social reforms in the interests of the proletariat.