Pharaoh Tutankhamun Biography

Tutankhamun years of the reign of GG. A few decades ago, the name of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun, about which only individual vague references have been preserved in history, unexpectedly became known to the whole world. This pharaoh that was not famous during his life became no less famous than the most famous ancient rulers - the builders of the famous Egyptian pyramids of the Cheops and Hefren, the great conquerors of Thutmos III and Ramses II, as well as the reformer of the ancient religion - the “heretic” Amenhotep IV, more well -known under the name of Akhnaton, the husband of excellent non -fertility.

Such a deafening glory came to Tutankhamun thanks to a happy chance. On this day, the English archaeologist Howard Carter managed to discover the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun. In ancient times, there was a belief that the deceased, having finished his earthly life, continues to live in the next world, and so that he would not be in poverty there, they put everything that he was used to on earth and what he used in crypts and tombs.

The tombs of the pharaohs consisted of several rooms in which huge wealth were placed. Many of these tombs were real underground palaces.

The treasure hunters were especially attracted by the burial place of the Egyptian pharaohs, located on the west bank of the Nile River, which is now known under the name of the valleys of the kings. When scientists arrived in Egypt for the first time at the end of the XVIII century to explore the monuments of antiquity, it turned out that in fact, all the tombs of the ancient rulers of Egypt were already plundered by them.

Therefore, such a sensation was the opening of the preserved tomb of Tutankhamun. True, scientists have established that about two thousand years ago, robbers visited it. However, they failed to penetrate all the premises, and something prevented them from taking out all the values ​​from those rooms where they still managed to get. Scientists discovered huge treasures here and found the mummy of Pharaoh Tutankhamun himself.

Her study helped them establish how this monarch was during his lifetime and how many years old he was when he died. In order to better understand what this ruler was, it is necessary to get acquainted with his predecessors, about which much more is known in history. To combat them, Yahmos I combined individual regions of Egypt - noma. Having liberated the country, he invaded his troops in South Palestine and restored the dominance of the Egyptians in the Kush of North Nubia.

Thus, the beginning of that period in the history of Egypt was laid, which later received the name of the New Kingdom. During their reign, Egypt has all the countries adjacent to it. In the capital of Egypt, the city of Fiva flocked unbearable wealth from all the lands subordinated to it. The pharaohs usually married to preserve the purity of blood for their closest relatives who received the title of the “main wife”, and their sons inherited the throne.

However, Amenhotep III receded this rule and declared his main wife to Tiya, a smart and energetic woman, the only drawback of which was that she did not belong to the royal family. By the end of his life, Pharaoh completely retired, appointing his son by the co -ruler of Tii Amenhotep IV, who became famous as a heretic who established the cult of another god - Aton, whose name came from the word “aton” - “solar disk”, which later began to mean a sunny deity.

Thus, he limited the power of the priests worshiping God Amon, who did not recognize him and his mother Tiya. The new pharaoh even changed its name Amenhotep, which meant “Amon is pleased”, and Ekhenaton began to be called, that is, “pleasing to Aton”. All these transformations, as well as the invasion of the bold nomads, which the Akhenaten had no time to engage, caused the discontent of the nobility and the population of Egypt.

The main wife of Akhenaten was the beautiful Nefertiti, whose beauty was immortalized in her sculptural portrait, known throughout the world. It is believed that it did not belong to the royal family, but there is no exact information about it. Ekhenaten and Nefertiti had six daughters. The third of them, Anheesenpaaton, became the wife of Tutankhamun, the future Pharaoh. There is also no reliable information about its origin.

Scientists put forward two versions on this subject. According to the first of them, Tutankhamun was the son of Akhenaten from another wife; According to another - he was his consolidated brother. Most scientists adhere to the second version. After the death of Akhenaten, Tutankhamun remained his only heir, who became a pharaoh. He reigned for no more than 9 years. He was only years old when he died, and joined the throne at the age of ten, although by that time he was already married to the daughter of the pharaoh.

Moreover, at that time the boy was called differently-Tutan-Haton, that is, the "living likeness of Aton." The young pharaoh, of course, could not rule independently, so other people ruled on his behalf of the country. As it is assumed, it was Aye, an elderly dignitary, an associate of Akhenaten, whose wife at one time was the nurse of Queen Nefertiti. During the reign of Tutanhaton, supporters of the former religion gradually began to prevail.A little more time passed, and the name of the god Aton began to be banned in the same way as they did earlier with another God - Amon.

Soon, Tutan-Khaton began to be called differently-Tutankhamun, which means "the living likeness of Amon." Queen Angesenpaaton, who began to be called Anheesenpa-amon, changed her name, that is, "she lives an amon." The reign of Tutankhamun is also known that it was a time of peace, which finally came in the country, which, of course, was facilitated by the old wise Aye.

Since after Tutankhamun there were no heirs of his two child died in infancy, Aee became the next ruler of Egypt. That's all that scientists managed to establish about the reign of Tutankhamun. There were no papyruses with texts in the discovered tomb that could shed light on the political history of that ancient times. But the treasures that scientists found in the tomb of the pharaoh allowed them to recognize the personal tastes and habits of Tutankhamun.

Among them were all the things that belonged to him throughout his life: the throne inlaid with gold and even a children's carved chair, gold charges, a box, cups, carved alabastic caskets with jewelry, chests and caskets. Even a casket with paints used by Pharaoh, his weapon and many other things have been preserved. All these items were decorated with carvings with the image of scenes from the life of the pharaoh, his wife and courtiers.

And finally, in the last, farthest room, scientists discovered the coffin of the pharaoh of a very complex structure, in which his mummy with a radiant mask, a portrait of Tutankhamun, rested. It was made of pure gold and weighed 9 kilograms. The exhibition "Tutankhamun and the treasures of his tomb" caused a stir in the whole world. Near the Louvre and the British Museum, where the exposition was opened for the first time, endless lines of eager to look at the mysterious pharaoh were drawn.

This exhibition also visited in our country, in the Pushkin State Museum and in the Hermitage. Vera Vasilevskaya. The historical novel "Tutankhamun", p. Historical information about it is scarce, but it is reliably known that over a short period of reign, he managed to fully restore the former glory and power of his country, destroyed by his predecessor, the end of the end of the akhnaten.

Written by a bright and figurative language that conveys the stylistic features of the monuments of ancient Egyptian literature that have reached us, the novel will certainly cause the interest of all lovers of historical fiction. Annotation of the publishing house.