Dalamber biography

Jean Leron Dalalamber is a French encyclopedist scientist. Portrait of the work of Maurice Quentin de la Tura, the year of Wikipedia when General Detesh had a son in Paris, he himself was abroad according to official duties. And the mother a few hours after the birth of the child threw him onto the steps of the Church of Saint-Jan-Leron. The child was so weak that the police commissar out of pity did not send him to the house of the found.

The boy at baptism was called by Jean Batist Leron and sent to the village of Kormilitsa. He later began to call himself Dalamber. In all likelihood, not only pity led the police in these concerns. He must have guessed that they would pay for the child - and was not mistaken. The detush, returning to Paris, began to make certificates of his son. Having taken the child from the village, his father decided to find him a nurse in Paris.

But the boy was so weak that not a single woman undertook to feed him. Finally, a certain Madame Rousseau, the wife of the glass, took pity on her father and a poor child abandoned by her mother, agreed to take him to her care and promised to do everything to keep his son's life. And she managed to keep her promise. Damber said that his father often visited him at the nurse, rejoiced at his childish abuse, admired the answers of his son, in which he saw a manifestation of an extraordinary mind.

And when he gave the boy to school, teachers quite shared his father's enthusiasm. Dying, Detash instructed Dalambert to his family; Father's relatives constantly maintained relations with him; He often went to dinner with his cousins ​​and brothers. Shortly before his death, his father placed a four -year -old boy in a good boarding house, and from these years Damber began to study seriously.

The Container of the boarding house declared his relatives that he handed over all his knowledge to the boy and staying in the boarding house further to that is useless; He can easily enter the second grade of college soon the owner of the guesthouse announced to his relatives that he handed over all his knowledge to the boy and staying in the boarding house further to that is useless; He can easily enter the second grade of College.

Thirteen years old, Damber entered Mazarin's college. There he stayed for three years, and his successes for life have been preserved in the memory of his teachers.

One of the professors, an ardent Jansenist, tried to attract the boy to classes of literature and poetry, to which he already discovered a great tendency at that time. And the professor of philosophy, also Jansenist, Damber, listened for two years, listened to the philosophy of Descartes. He considered the professor of mathematics Caron the best teacher.

Mazarini's college Wikipedia at Mazarini's college Dalalamber learned perfectly everything that was then taught; He knew very well in Latin, and in Greek so much that he could subsequently read in the original of Archimedes and Ptolemy. At that time, they paid great attention to the development of eloquence, and Damber left school with a wonderful speaker.

Physics, taught at that time, was very little satisfied with the strict mind of Dalalamber. Subsequently, he constantly laughed at this physics and loved to compose witty parodies on it. The purpose of secondary education at that time was to teach to reason, speak, deliberately read and state more or less successfully their thoughts in writing. It was believed that giving actual knowledge it is not so important as to develop the abdomen to reason, speak and write.

At the end of the school, Damber again settled in the family of the glass of Rousseau and was happy to help him with his small means. He lived in this family for about forty years and got used to a severe simple life. The absence of vanity and the habit of materially satisfied for very few gave him calm and freedom of activity - he was not in the service of either the state or individuals, although its funds were very limited.

He himself wrote at the end of his life: “Deprivations from childhood have taught me to be content with small; And that little that I have, I am ready to divide with kind, honest people who are poorer than me. ” Mathematics defeated jurisprudence after school Dalamber withstood an exam for the degree of bachelor of the arts, then visited the Academy of Law for two years and left the title of License of Rights.

He was seen a glorious future in the field of a lawyer, but this profession immediately came to Dalaber not to his heart. At the same time, he was engaged in mathematics for his pleasure. Dalambert was barely twenty years old when he decided to become a mathematician, and at twenty -six he was already the luminous of this science. In the last days of his life, Damber often recalled those years and said: “Mathematics is my oldest love, the most faithful lover!

In the years, Damber introduced two treatises to the Paris Academy of Sciences about the movement of solid bodies in liquids and on integral calculus and was elected in the year the adjunct of the academy. Two years later, in M, his famous “Treatise on Dynamics” was published, which served as a turning point in the development of mechanics. It set forth the well -known “Damber principle” as a universal technique of solving the problems of the system dynamics with connections.According to him, if to the specified active forces acting on the points of the mechanical system and the reactions of the superior ties to join the forces of inertia, then the balanced system of forces will be obtained.

The treatise first formulated the general rules for compiling differential equations of the movement of any material systems. One of the successors of Dalalamber, the great mathematician Lagrange, who wrote the history of mechanics fifty years later, spoke about this book that she immediately put an end to the confusion and chaos that prevailed in this branch of science.

In the year, the famous “Treatise on Dynamics” Dalalamber, who served as a turning point in the development of mechanics, is published. It set forth the well -known “Dalamber principle” as a universal technique of solving the problems of the system dynamics with ties, the main concept of dynamics Damber considered movement. He negatively referred to the system of Newton's mechanics.

Dalabber said that Newton "relies only on a vague and obscure position, that the action is proportional to his reason ...", he "is useless in the mechanics, and therefore it should be excluded from it." The concept of power should be generally excluded from mechanics, where it should be based only on the concept of movement. The mechanics, in his opinion, are based on three main provisions: the law of inertia, the law of addition of movements and the principle of equilibrium.

In the year, Damber publishes the book “On Equilibrium and Movement of Liquids”, dedicated to hydrodynamics, in which Daniil Bernoulli is further developed. Then follows the well -known work on integral calculus, in which the author received a number of new important results. The wide fame of Dalalamber was facilitated by his book "Research on the General Reason of the Winds." For this work, the author received the Prize of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Berlin and was elected her member.

In it, he proved the existence of air tidils - along with the ocean. He owns classical work on the task of three bodies, the Earth’s nuration, the movement of the moon, the movement of the wind, on the theory of music, etc. Mathematical works of Dalamber are based on the principle of the continuity of Leibniz, which allowed him to approach the modern understanding of the limit.

Despite such brilliant scientific successes, the financial situation of Dalalamber for a long time remained fragile. True, in the year the Prussian King Frederick II, who patronized him, determined a small pension to Dambr, and two years later he was appointed Louis XV. A full -fledged member of the Paris Academy of Sciences with the appointment of detention Damber was elected only in M, but even then the government for a long time did not approve this decision of the Academy, until it was forced to give in to the pressure of the scientific community.

Several times they failed the candidacy of Dalalamber at the French Academy, of which he became a member of the year. And in M ​​he was elected secretary of the Academy and held this position until his death. The French Academy should be distinguished from Paris. The subject of activity of the first was literature and philology, and the second was mathematics and natural science.

The eloquence of Dalalamber was very useful at the French Academy. The new member almost always opened meetings, setting out some thoughts that led to lively debate; For the most part, he concerned issues of morality, poetry or history. Damber was elected to many other academies and scientific societies. He has been a member of the St. Petersburg Academy since the year. The encyclopedist was highly Dalamber's participation in the publication of the famous Encyclopedia, which became the compensation of all the ideas of the Enlightenment.

Only one Didro made more for the "Encyclopedia". Voltaire, also formerly one of the active employees of this publication, wrote to Diderot and Dalambert: “You both keep your whole world on your shoulders. Until the last drop of life will run out in me, I will always be at the services of the famous authors of the encyclopedia. ” It is believed that only Didro made for the “encyclopedia” more than Dalamber Wikipedia was a grandiose labor in its scale, the largest and most complete and systematized from that existed before that time.

It was supposed to cover the entire totality of the then knowledge. Most of its authors and readers considered the “encyclopedia” as an instrument of struggle against religious prejudices, privileges of the nobility and clergy, absolutism. The vast majority of figures of the French Revolution can be called children "encyclopedia." Around the "Encyclopedia" all the liberal and radical layers of French society of that time united.

Damber wrote “Introduction to the Encyclopedia”, which made up the era in intellectual life, first of France, and then the entire educated world. In it, he depicted the origin and development of human knowledge and gave his own classification of sciences. Only in the first volume there were over a hundred of his publications. Among them are many large articles, five to ten pages.

A number of articles by Dalambert caused an acute discussion, protests of the French clergy, attacks and intrigues of opponents of the ideas of education. Damber was widely known, had many friends and enemies and gained a reputation as a freethinker, especially since he was a friend of the persecuted by Didro and Voltaire. After the release of the seventh volume of the Encyclopedia, in the year, Damber, tired of the persecution and hostility of the authorities, was forced to leave the editorial office, remaining, however, an employee of the Encyclopedia and another Didro.

Damber wrote “Introduction to the Encyclopedia”, which made up the era in intellectual life, first of France, and then the entire educated world of Wikipedia, the exit in July in the year of the immediately prohibited atheistic treatise “On the mind” of Claude Adrian Helvetius, an understanding of the encyclopedists, served as the reason for the suspension of the publication of the “encyclopedia”.

The royal decree said that the benefits of the “encyclopedia” for the progress of sciences and arts cannot compensate for the irreparable harm caused by her religion and social morality. Perhaps the publication could not have been completed, but the “encyclopedia” had high -ranking patrons, both in France and abroad. A special role in this was played by Russian Empress Catherine II.

She turned to the encyclopedists to transfer the publication to Riga or any other city of Russia if in France the publication "is faced with any difficulties." In addition, knowing about the financial difficulties of publishers, she acquired the personal library of Didro, leaving him books for use as a personal librarian and paying him a salary many years in advance. And since Russia was an ally of France in the seven -year war, France was forced to reckon with the opinion of the Russian empress.

This allowed Didro to end the publication of the encyclopedia in France. Damber and Russia the empress not only friends with Didro, but also tried to attract other encyclopedists to cooperation. In particular, she wished to entrust Dalamber to educate her only son, Tsarevich Pavel Petrovich. In the year, before a trip to Berlin, Damber received from Odar, a librarian of Catherine, a letter in which the latter set out this request of the empress.

But Damber refused this honor. The great scientist spoke of his ignorance of people and life, about the complexity and difficulties of the obligations of the educator of the future lord of such a vast state as Russia. Tsesarevich Pavel Petrovich Artinvestment. The empress appointed him a pension much higher than the one that he received from Friedrich the Great, and personally wrote a letter to him.