Biography of Pirogov to children

Pirogov, we do not know in Russia, and other peoples have few such lives. ” Ushinsky Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov chose surgery, because he considered it a science based on the deepest medical knowledge - on anatomy. He reached the highest skill bordering on art in this science: crowds of spectators gathered at the operations conducted by Pirogov, and the audience did not accommodate everyone at his lectures.

At the age of 21, Pirogov received the degree of Doctor of Medicine, at the age of 25 he occupied the professor’s department, then there were other positions and ranks, but there was no higher than the title of a doctor. Therefore, he will call his last work the "Diary of an old doctor." During the year, Pirogov successfully performed operations using just open anesthetic anesthesia - from all over Russia.

An outstanding doctor, he was the first to use the starch and then a gypsum bandage for “saving treatment” during a limb fracture. A talented researcher who considered anatomy the basis of medical care, Pirogov created anatomical atlases, which, due to their highest accuracy, are still relevant in medicine. The founder of military field surgery, Pirogov worked in the army in the Caucasus, organized military-field hospitals in the Crimean war, advised and operated on military hospitals during the Russo-Turkish war ...

The name of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov is known not only in Russia. Every professional doctor knows about him. He made discoveries in the structure of the human body in the same way as the traveler opens the islands. It is characteristic that at the end of the Moscow University, Pirogov chose a non -theoretical area in which he could apply his remarkable knowledge: chemistry or pharmacology.

He chose surgery. Anatomy as the basis of surgery attracted all the attention of a novice surgeon. Then there were years of training and work in Derpt, Germany, France, where, along with theoretical training, the young scientist spent all his free time in the anatomical theater, analyzing, dissecting, working for almost a day in all a day. His working day lasted sixteen hours.

In the year, Pirogov based on the materials of his many research and observations creates the book “Annals of the Surgical Department of the Clinic of the Imperial University in Dorpt”. It declares the moral principle of a scientist and a doctor: to openly admit in their mistakes, fix them and do the property of other doctors so that they can avoid such. In the book, he often writes: “I made a major mistake ...”, describing in detail the various difficult cases of diagnosis and treatment.

At the Medical and Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg, Pirogov worked from for a year, leading at the same time the surgical department of the second military-bought hospital and the technical part of the St. Petersburg plant of medical instruments. He performs operations, monitors sanitation and supply of the department entrusted to him, creates new tools and improves old ones.

And he operates, holds autopsy, gives lectures, participates in meetings of Fereyn - Pirogovsky Medical Circle. In the year in America, Dr. Warren, the first operation was performed under ether anesthesia. This event turned the idea of ​​surgery. Before him, the operations on a wakeful man were horrified by the sick, and they preferred to die, but not to go to the scalpel.

Russian doctors immediately accepted the method into service. And just think: one Pirogov performed almost as many operations during the year as all Russian doctors together! And there will also be the “pathological anatomy of the Asian cholera”, written by the results of dozens of people's life -threatening autoles spent in the cholera year. There will be anatomical atlases, which are still relevant in medicine, also compiled, among other things, according to the results of the surgeon, according to their new method of “ice anatomy” “illustrated topographic anatomy of cuts made in three measurements through a frozen human body,” the doctors studied “anatomy on shawls” to Pirogov.

In order to explain to the students where this or that organ is located, the professor applied a scarf to the clothes, stretching it from point to point - along the studied internal organ. When the doctor faced the need to determine this body during surgical intervention, he was often helpless. The autopsy of dead people was not encouraged by students. Pirogov did a job at the anatomical theater a prerequisite for the education of a doctor.

He wanted the doctor to represent a person transparent, accurately knowing the location of all internal organs. For this, the scientist compiled anatomical atlases. What did it cost him? Eleven thousand autopsy-the researchers somehow calculated. Thanks to the works of Pirogov, surgery was recognized by science. And also the pages of the biography equal to the whole volumes.

Pirogov worked in the army in the Caucasus, organized military hospitals in the Crimean war, advised and operated on military hospitals during the Russo-Turkish war.To conduct a large -scale study of the air in the year of Pirogov, for six months, he leaves for the Caucasian theater of military operations, where he operates daily. During this trip, he used another discovery. In the first half of the 19th century, broken arm or leg meant disability, with a complex fracture they were amputated.

The doctors did not know how to arrange that the bone grew evenly and did not cause a person pain or inconvenience. Pirogov began to use starch bands that fixed the fracture place and allowed the bones to grow together correctly in relative calm. Later, for the same purposes, he began to use gypsum: gauze bandages soaked in gypsum, he dangled damaged arms and legs. Thanks to such a simple in the opinion of the 21st century, the invention of thousands of wounded did not become disabled and returned to normal life.

And of course, it is necessary to recall the Crimean war, with amazing reliability described by L. Tolstoy in Sevastopol stories. In the most difficult, sometimes unbearable conditions of field operating pies, hundreds of wounded soldiers and officers operated on. There cannot be enough operating rooms and surgeons in the war, because it is easier to kill and cripple than to treat and return to life.

Pirogov distributed work in such a way that surgeons worked with special brigades three people, many times increasing the throughput of hospitals. Even in the St. Petersburg hospital, Pirogov realized that the operation brilliantly was not enough. Infections carried away the lives of successfully operated patients. The means of combating infections have not yet been opened, but, carefully observing, Pirogov concluded that infectious patients need to be placed separately, that doctors need to thoroughly wash their hands, keep the tools and dressings cleanly.

He applied this knowledge by organizing field hospitals in the Crimea, when the epidemic mowed the wounded who filled the infirmas and the streets of Sevastopol. Pirogov personally organized the work of hospitals. He ordered to divide the wounded into three categories, distributing them in different rooms, depending on the “pure” or purulent type of wounds.

This made it possible to prevent the general infection among already operated people. But there was another serious danger to the life of the wounded. There were so many of them that they lay everywhere: in hospitals, in the houses of local residents and right on the street - on the ground. There was no one to care for them, there was no one to serve water and food, and people continued to die: both those who were already operated on, and those who were still waiting for help.

Then the former in St. Petersburg on Pirogov’s affairs to help doctors and care for the wounded invited women to Sevastopol. They were the first sisters of mercy in the history. Their selfless work saved the lives of thousands of soldiers and officers not only of that distant war. In the besieged Sevastopol after a whole day of operations, when his assistants fell down, Pirogov monitored the provision of hospitals with food and medicines, established the transportation of the wounded to the rear, and resolved economic issues.

Sending to the rear for most wounded was equal to the verdict: only a few reached. People died on the way from the cold, hunger, thirst. Pirogov organized the work of special points along the path of their following, on which the wounded was fed and bandaged. Soon after the Crimean War, the great doctor was resigned from the Academy and was appointed trustee, first of the Odessa and then Kyiv training districts.

Life experience and beliefs, issues of education and education, thought out by Pirogov on trips in districts, communicating with teachers and students - everything was stated in the last book of the “Wonderful Doctor” “Questions of Life. The diary of the old doctor, written exclusively for himself, but not without the back thought, what could someday read and someone else, ”which Pirogov wrote until his death.

It reveals the personality of a doctor, teacher, thinker, his ideas about education and education, morality and faith are described: “...

no matter how great the mass of people who are unconscious to this society is unconscious, no matter how we all try to adapt our independence to this direction, there will always be many of us that will retain quite consciousness in order to delve into our moral life and ask for their questions: What is the purpose of our life? What is our purpose? Why are we called up?

What should we look for? Frank wrote in the year about “issues of life”: “You can only regret how little Russian society was before, and especially now, paid attention to this wonderful philosophical and religious confession of one of the largest and most outstanding Russian minds of the second half of the 19th century.” And already these days, after the summer anniversary of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, the Russian Orthodox Church began discussing the issue of canonization of the great Russian doctor, and his reckoning the holy Russian land.

The story of A. Kuprin “Wonderful Doctor”, dedicated to N. Pirogov, is paradoxical.After reading it several times, I could not find a quote in order to use it as an epigraph and even bring it in the text as a “shock” thesis. Kuprin does not have a realistically written portrait of the hero. Его характеристики импрессионистичны: «старик небольшого роста», голос «мягкий, ласковый, старческий», «умное серьёзное лицо с седыми баками», в «необыкновенном лице незнакомца было что-то до того спокойное и внушающее доверие», «пытливо и пристально», «юношеским движением», «что-то ласковое и убедительное, звучавшее в голосе», «старомодный, A rather worn frock coat, "" quickly stuck his legs into the galoshes and put on a coat.

" Why are there such wide, elusive verbal smears: some secondary galoshes, frock coat, tanks? Why is this "something"? And what a true image, consistent with the real appearance of a great surgeon, is obtained! An affectionate and attentive attitude towards people, the calm and inquest of the scientist, the impulsiveness of the exact movements of the surgeon ...

I think Kuprin was not easy to find simple words in order to properly give an idea of ​​this modest and brilliant person. How easily with pride we can say: "Hero Admiral Ushakov." But do not we violate some intake, saying: “hero Dr. Pirogov”? First of all, he is a person who is complex, mistaken and never afraid to admit his mistakes, going to the goal and setting a common goal is always higher than his own well -being ...

And thanks to all this, a person, as he should be. Absolutely nothing heroic-and behind the whole armies of saved people ... And yet Pirogov became the hero of Russian life. Only at the end of the story, “Wonderful Doctor” Kuprin gave free rein to the high words: “The saint just made a miracle. And we have only seen our wonderful doctor since then - this is when he was transported a dead to his own estate of cherry.

Yes, even then they did not see him, because something great, powerful and holy that lived and burned in a wonderful doctor during his lifetime, faded off of unspoken. ” Today, the years of the birth of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, the protagonist of A. Kuprin's “Wonderful Doctor”, one of the greatest people in Russia, is fulfilled. Author: Elena Rartseva N.