Briefly biography of Laplace

The author of classical works on the theory of probability and heavenly mechanics of the dynamics of the solar system as a whole and its stability, etc. proposed the cosmogonic hypothesis of the Laplace hypothesis. Classical representative of mechanistic determinism. In his philosophical views, he was a mechanistic materialist, an atheist. He proved that the solar system is stable and.

An important contribution to the development of materialism and atheism was the mathematical evidence of the origin of the solar system from the original nebula. Main works: “Expandation of the world system”, “Analytical theory of probabilities” Philosophical Dictionary. Ed. Laplace Laplace Pierre Simon - French scientist, astronomer, physicist, mathematician, founder of probability theory.

The son of a Norman peasant. C - member of the Paris Academy of Sciences, s - Chairman of the Chamber of Measures and Libra. The substantiation of the cosmogonic hypothesis in the works of L. introduced new probabilistic-statistical methods of studying the evolutionary processes and mass events “Analytical Theory of Probability”, a new categorical apparatus was formed to describe the change of states of large systems “probability”, “change of conditions”, “determination”, etc.

Reburating the foundations of science, L. In the history of science, the concept of causal explanation of evolution and changes in large systems according to strict single -line directed dynamic laws was the name of Laplasovsky determinism. The historical significance of Laplanic determinism was that it became a logical means of a scientific explanation of evolutionary processes and mass events in the mechanical picture of the world, replacing the analytical elemental form of a causative explanation with a synthetic vision of the intertwined causal ranks in the universe.

Laplacesky determinism has become a common designation of the mechanistic methodology of classical physics. Petushkova is the latest philosophical dictionary. Gritsanov A. Minsk, was born on March 23 in Bomon-en-ozh Normandy. He studied at the School of the Monastic Order of Benedictine, but in his youth he became a convinced atheist. I arrived in Paris. The next three years he was engaged in mathematics, published his work in a mathematical magazine founded by J.

on the recommendation of Dalalamber, he became a professor of a military school in Paris. He actively participated in the reorganization of the education system, in particular in the creation of normal and polytechnic schools. B was appointed chairman of the chamber of measures and weights. After Napoleon came to power, he took the Minister of the Interior, received the title of the count, but also during the restoration was also awarded many honors.

The main astronomical works of Laplace belong to the field of heavenly mechanics. This term was first used by Laplace himself in the name of five -volume fundamental labor, a treatise on heavenly mechanics Trait de Mcanique Cleste - he did almost everything that his predecessors failed to explain the movement of celestial bodies on the basis of the law of universal gravity: solved the complex problems of the movement of planets and their satellites, in particular the moon; developed the theory of disturbances of the paths of planets, the sun and the moon; proposed a new way to calculate their orbits; proved the stability of the solar system for a very long time; He discovered the reasons for acceleration in the movement of the moon.

In the history of the development of cosmology, the most important place is occupied by the famous Laplace hypothesis about the formation of a solar system from a rotating gas nebulae of the Nebular Hypothesis, which he formulated in the essay the presentation of the EXPOSITION DU Systme du Monde system, Laplace physical studies belong to the areas of molecular physics, heat, acoustics, and optics.

In it, it established the law of changes in air density with a height of the barometric formula. B - developed the theory of capillary forces, deduced the formula for determining the capillary pressure of the Laplace formula. With the help of the ice calorimeter designed by him, along with A. Lavoisier, he determined the specific heat of many substances. Led a formula for the speed of sound with the adjustment to adiabatic Laplace, the author of fundamental works in mathematics and mathematical physics, first of all - the treatise analytical theory of probabilities Thorie Analytique des Probabilits, in which many later discoveries of probabilities made by other mathematicians can be detected.

It examines gambling, Bernoulli theorem and its connection with the integral of normal distribution, the theory of the smallest squares; The “transformation of Laplace” is introduced, which later became the basis of operational calculus. Laplace equation in private derivatives, used in the theory of potential, heat and electrical conductivity, hydrodynamics, is widely known.

Laplace in Paris on March 5, the astronomical system of Laplace, the vertex of the achievements of the 18th century astronomy, appeared the book of the French scientist Pierre Laplace - “The presentation of the world system”, which previously pre -pre -volume “Heavenly Mechanics”. The main idea of ​​this book, which had a great influence on the worldview of scientists, is the idea of ​​mechanical stability of the universe.The son of the “age of reason” Laplace far away from the Newtonian idea of ​​the need for re -intervention of God, periodically restoring the stability of the world.

The advanced thinkers of the 18th century proved that the Universe could be stable without any intangible influence. These evidence proceeded from the consistent application of the law opened by Newton, gravitation to more and more a circle of astronomical problems. The Laplaceovsky “presentation of the world system” is based on the conviction of the indisputability of the Newtonian law of gravity and the ability to derive from it an explanation of all astronomical phenomena as a system of mechanical-mathematical tasks.

Laplace belongs to the image of a hypothetical creature, who currently knows the coordinates and speed of all particles of matter in the world and capable of predicting with absolute accuracy any details of the entire further development of the world, including the events of human history. Of course, the laws of development are irreducible to mechanical laws. The impact of Laplace theory on the ideological development of society was significant, especially the conclusions made from mechanical science by Laplace himself in his famous response to Napoleon.

This scientist, who, after 18 Brummer, became the Minister and subsequently the Count of the Empire and the Marquis of Restoration, to the question of Napoleon, what role he assigned to God in the system of the world, proudly replied: “I did not feel the need for this hypothesis! In all areas of differentiating natural science of the 18th century, the mechanical limitation of science led to the wrong idea of ​​a motionless nature.

But at the same time, the desire for the unity of the scientific picture of the world, the accumulation of physical, chemical and biological information made the emergence of theories that draw the real development of space, the solar system. Lands, the earth's crust, the surface of the globe and its inhabitants. Quoted by ed. Volume V. Member of the Paris Academy of Sciences, Honorary Member of the St.

Petersburg Academy of Sciences. During the Directory - the Minister of the Interior. Made an outstanding contribution to the theory of probabilities, to the development of the cosmogonic hypothesis of Kant - Laplace. Using the apparatus of mathematics and physics and relying on the law of universal gravity, Laplace developed ideas about the origin of the solar system from the cooling nebula under the influence of rotation.

According to Laplace, any phenomenon is associated with the preceding on the basis of the principle of causality; The current state of the Universe must be considered as a result of its previous and the cause of the subsequent state; For the mind, if he knew all the forces of nature and, having subjected them to a mathematical analysis, he could cover a single formula, would not have left anything unnecessary - neither in the future or in the past.

Laplace considered the mechanics as a sample of all science. Mikeshin is a new philosophical encyclopedia. In four volumes. Stepin, A. Huseynov, G. Works: in Russian. Literature: Vorontsov-Velyaminov B. Laplace, 2nd ed. The son of a peasant Pierre Simon Laplace was born on March 23 of the year in the town of Bomon-An-Ozh Normandy in the family of a poor peasant.

Pierre Simon graduated from the Benedictine school and was left there, in Bomon, a teacher of mathematics of a military school. At the age of seventeen he wrote his first scientific work. In the year he went to Paris. There he received the place of a mathematics teacher at the Military School of Paris .. In the year, Laplace becomes an adjunct, and in the year a full member of the Paris Academy.

In the year, Laplace was made by the examiner of the royal corps of artillerymen. Laplace was appointed chairman of the Chamber of Measures and Libra. After the popular uprising of the year in France, the Jacobin dictatorship was established. In the year, instead of the Academy of Sciences, the Convention created the National Institute of Sciences and Arts.

Laplace becomes a member of the institute and heads the Bureau of Dolgot, which was engaged in measuring the length of the earth's meridian. The next day after the coup, 18 Brumer, Napoleon appointed Laplace by the Minister of the Interior. In the year, Napoleon made Laplace Vice President of the Senate, and a month later - the chancellor. In the year he received the Order of the Legion of Honor.

From the year, Laplace was elected a member of royal societies in Turin and Copenhagen, academies of sciences in Gettingen, Berlin and Holland.

To develop the mathematical theory of probabilities he created, Laplace introduced the so -called producing functions. He brought the results obtained by other scientists to a harmonious system, simplified the methods of evidence, for which he widely used the transformation and proved the theorem about the deviation of the frequency of the occurrence of the event from its probability.

Thanks to him, the theory of probabilities has acquired a finished look. In physics, Laplace deduced the formula for the speed of sounding sound in the air, created an ice calorimeter, received a barometric formula for calculating changes in air density with a height taking into account its humidity. He completed a number of works on the theory of capillary and established a law that allows you to determine the value of capillary pressure and thereby write down the conditions of mechanical balance for mobile liquid surfaces of the section.

His first work on heavenly mechanics went out in the year.It was called "about the cause of the universal gravity and about the centuries -old inequalities of the planets that depend on it." In the year, Laplace proposed a new way to calculate the orbits of celestial bodies. Laplace proved the stability of the solar system. He showed that the average speed of the moon depends on the eccentricity of the earth's orbit, and he, in turn, changes under the influence of the planets attraction.

According to the inequalities of the movement of the moon, he determined the magnitude of the compression of the earth at the poles. Laplace came to the conclusion that the Ring of Saturn could not be continuous, otherwise it would be unstable; predicted the compression of Saturn at the poles; established the laws of the movement of the satellites of Jupiter.