And Stalin Biography

For a long time it was believed that the little Soso was born on December 9 on December 9, while at the beginning of the xg. With the birthplace of the future leader of discrepancies, the Tiflis province, the city of Gori. Joseph's father was the poor shoemaker Vissarion Ivanovich Dzhugashvili OK. Both parents of the boy came from serfs. Joseph became the third child in the family, but his older brothers George and Mikhail died in infancy.

Stalin's father died when the boy was only 11 years old. By this time, he drank a lot, often raised his hand to his wife and son, and then completely left his family. Joseph's mother was exhausted in the lifting works to earn a piece of bread to herself and her son. She did not aspect in the boy of the soul, although she raised him in severity. In the year, young Joseph at the request of his mother took the first step to the career of the priest.

He tried to enter the primary Orthodox Theological School in Gori, but the first attempt failed - the boy did not know the Russian language at all. After long classes with the children of the local priest, Joseph entered the second preparatory course in the year. Six years later, in the year, the young man graduated from an elementary school and entered the Tiflis Theological Seminary, but it was not possible to finish it.

Already in the fifth year, in the year, Joseph Dzhugashvili was excluded for failure to appear for exams, but the revolutionary activity of the young man was the present reason - he completely managed in all subjects, but from the year he was associated with the Marxists and led among the seminarians the corresponding propaganda. The path to power in the early years of the party career of Stalin took place in Transcaucasia.

After the exclusion, the seminarist-a-lead earned a living by private lessons, served as a computer-observer in the Tiflis physical observatory, but most of the time the illegal literature and the organization of numerous rallies and strikes were distributed. Soon Joseph Dzhugashvili came into the field of view of the police. In March, after a search in the observatory, he switched to an illegal position, finally becoming a revolutionary underground with the party nickname "Koba".

In the fall of the same year, in Baku, at the initiative of Dzhugashvili, the first illegal Social Democratic newspaper in the Georgian Brdzola Georgian “Struggle” began to be published. Joseph became the editor and author of the editorial of the first number. In early November, in Tiflis Dzhugashvili, he was elected a member of the local committee of the RSDLP, and at the end of the month he went to Batum to organize the party’s department there.

In April, the first arrest followed, and in the fall of the year - the first link of the Irkutsk province. Over the next 10 years, arrests, imprisonment, links and shoots will follow one after another. Lenin, participated in the party congresses of the year in Stockholm and the year in London. Once in St. Petersburg, he worked in the editorial office of the newspaper Pravda.

In May, the next arrest and a link to the Tomsk province followed, from where Joseph fled after 40 days. Returning to the capital, he went abroad several times. At the beginning of the year in Austria, Joseph Dzhugashvili wrote the journal article “Marxism and the National Question”, which not only brought him a reputation as a specialist on national problems, but also became the first difficulty that came under the pseudonym “Stalin”.

In March of that year in St. Petersburg, Stalin was once again arrested and sent to the Turukhansky Territory of the Yenisei province, and then to Achinsk near Krasnoyarsk. After the February Revolution in early March, he returned to Petrograd, where he took an active part in the preparation of a new coup. Stalin’s career after the October Revolution immediately after the victory of the Bolsheviks, from October 26 on November 8, Stalin entered the created Council of People's Commissars as the People's Commissar for Nationalities, and then, together with V.

Lenin, L. Trotsky, immediately after the outbreak of the Civil War, Stalin became part of the Revolutionary Military Council and was constantly on the fronts, organizing the struggle as a struggle as with internal, and with an external enemy. In connection with the posthumous announcement of the political testament of Lenin, the so -called “letter to the congress”, in which he proposed to remove Stalin from his post, in May at the XIII Congress of the RCP B, he fired, which was not adopted.

In the began ten -year brutal intra -party struggle, Stalin in an alliance with L. Kamenev and G. Zinoviev first managed to remove from all the key posts of L. Trotsky, and then these temporary allies. The defeated opponents of Stalin publicly admitted their mistakes and repented, which later did not save any of them. The flowering of Stalinism. Kirova, the course on relative peaceful coexistence with the internal opposition ended.

Mass repression swept through the country, known as a large terror, whose peak came in - gg. The flywheel of repressions, launched at the very top, seemed to be not able to stop: the internal affairs bodies stamped new criminal cases according to the testimony of the defendants of the previous cases and the ramp of denunciations that flooded the country.Over the years of Stalin’s location, about 3.8 million people were arrested and condemned under the “political” articles, of which about thousands were sentenced to the highest degree of punishment.

Given the deceased in prisons and camps, this gave more than a million victims. From the imaginary and real “enemies of the people”, all segments of the population were cleaned, from agriculture and army, to science and culture, while the most zealous performers of purges disappeared into the advanced mechanism themselves. Within its framework, it was planned to build more new plants and factories.

New production were laid throughout the country, from the western borders to the Far East. It was planned to receive funds for such large -scale construction projects in any possible ways, from the activation of the export of natural resources to the sale of cultural values. To increase the productivity of agricultural production, collectivization began, to improve mining - large -scale geological intelligence of new deposits, etc.

During the collectivization, numerous errors and miscalculations were made. According to a number of scientists, the country was then on the verge of mass uprisings and a new civil war. However, in general, the assigned set of measures allowed the USSR, albeit at the cost of large victims, in a short time to become from a rather powerful industrial power, which was able to fight with a strong external opponent from a backward and destroyed civil war.

The Great Patriotic War of the Second World War was expected from the very beginning of the existence of the USSR, and Stalin took all possible measures to increase the defense capability of the state. Under his direct supervision and control, both the reforms of the army and the development of new weapons of weapons took place. With the outbreak of war on June 22, Stalin became the head of the State Defense Committee, the People's Commissar of Defense and the Supreme Commander -in -Chief.

After the start of hostilities, the highest Soviet military command and Stalin directly made many strategic mistakes that poured into large -scale defeats, multimillion -dollar human sacrifices and material losses of the initial period of the war. In Stalin, you can ignore the reconnaissance signals about the exact date of the beginning of German aggression, the public denial of the very possibility of war with the Third Reich, the surroundings of the Red Army near Kiev, Vyazma, Kharkov and some other miscalculations - GG.

At the same time, it was under the leadership of Stalin that the difficult situation on the fronts managed not only to break, but also to come to an unconditional victory. In the year, as a sign of recognition of military merits, Stalin was awarded the highest military rank of Generalissimo of the USSR, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and twice awarded the Higher Garbage Order “Victory”.

Stalin’s reforms during the time of Stalin’s location in power were reduced by Lenin “New Economic Policy”, collectivization of agriculture, industrialization of industry and numerous reforms of the army, administrative reform of the USSR, which grew up to 16 republics, and monetary reform of the year, were carried out. In addition, we can note the ideological reform of culture and science in the X and in the X.

The last reform of Stalin, apparently, provided for the removal of the party nomenclature from the real government of the country, but it remained unrealized. Stalin built the domestic and foreign policy of Stalin, Stalin built a powerful state, strengthening it both economic and ideological potential, mercilessly dealing with those who interfered with this or even theoretically could interfere.

The main points of domestic policy were the strengthening of the horizontal power, the destruction of any opposition, collectivization, industrialization, numerous reforms in almost all areas. Stalin's foreign policy was very active and aimed at restoring both the borders of the USSR to the previous borders of the Russian Empire, and expanding the sphere of its influence.

Despite the obvious expansionist orientation, it was distinguished by noticeable flexibility and taking into account not only the current moment, but also the possible remote consequences. Taking advantage of the defeat of Poland in the year, the Soviet Union returned part of the territories belonging to the Russian Empire. As a result of the Soviet-Finnish war, the border in the north-west direction was significantly pushed.

In the same year, Bessarabia and Baltic states returned to the state with the formation of four new union republics. In February, the Yalta Conference was held in Crimea with the participation of the US President and the Prime Minister of Great Britain, at which issues of post-war arrangement of the world were resolved. After the victory in the USSR war for several decades, he strengthened his status of superpower, its sphere of influence included the vast regions of Eastern Europe and Asia.

The world has become two -polar. The family and personal life of Stalin Joseph Stalin was married twice. The first wife of the year was Ekaterina Semenovna Svanidze - that came from a ruined noble family.Less than a year after the wedding, she died of typhoid fever, having managed to give birth to her son Jacob. With the second wife, the daughter of a Bolshevik worker Nadezhda Sergeyevna Alliluyeva, Stalin met at the height of the Civil War.

The wedding took place in the year. In November, Nadezhda shot himself - there are many versions about the causes of suicide, but not one of them can be recognized today reliable. Joseph Stalin had three children. The son of Yakov Dzhugashvili - from his first marriage after the death of his mother, was raised by a grandmother, mother of Stalin, and he hardly communicated with his father.

Having received an engineering education, by the will of his father, then he graduated from the Military Academy. At the beginning of the war, he commanded a howitzer battery, in July he was captured and in April he died in a German concentration camp. The middle son from his second marriage Vasily Stalin - became a military pilot. During the war years, he commanded a fighter air division in the rank of colonel, and in the post-war years he grew up to Lieutenant General and the Aviation Commander of the Moscow Military District.

After the death of his father, Vasily fell into disgrace and exile, suffered from alcoholism and died early enough, at 40 years old. The youngest daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva became a philologist and translator, emigrated to the USA in the year. She left behind several books of memoirs, including about his father.

In addition to their native children, the adoptive child was brought up in the family of Stalin - Artyom Fedorovich Sergeyev - the son of a close friend and ally of Stalin in the party of F. Sergeyev, known under the party pseudonym "Artyom". In everyday life, Stalin was very moderation - he had a small wardrobe, lived in rather modest apartments and dachas. The leader preferred good cuisine and high -quality wines, however, in this case, he rather appreciated the company at the table and loved to treat others more.

During these feasts, many important state issues were resolved, and admission to dinner with Stalin meant the highest level of his trust. The death and funeral of Stalin Joseph Stalin died on March 5 of the year at a government dacha at the age of 73,74 due to hemorrhage in the brain that occurred on March 1 amid the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis. The official death report followed the next day.

The country plunged into mourning. The funeral organized with an unprecedented scale for the country, took place on March 9 on Red Square in Moscow. During the funeral, due to the numerous accumulations of the people, in the toll, according to various sources, from excessive people died.